| Elephant Apple - Dillena indica | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Fig. 1  Dillenia indica, ripe elephant apple at Kakkayam dam  Fig. 2  Unripe fruit  Fig. 3  D. indica  Fig. 4   Fig. 5  D. indica, elephant apple, Forest Research Institute, Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India  Fig. 6  D. indica, Chulta  Fig. 7  D. indica, elephant apple leaf habit  Fig. 10  Chalta D. indica flower opening up with leaves in Kolkata, West Bengal, India  Fig. 11  D. indica, West Bangal, India  Fig. 15  D. indica, Honduras  Fig. 16  D. indica  Fig. 17  D. indica, São Paulo, Brasil  Fig. 18  D. indica from Lalbagh Botanical Garden flower show, Karnataka, India  Fig. 29   Fig. 30   Fig. 31  D. indica, Carmo's Park, Sao Paulo City  Fig. 32  D. indica, elephant apple, Forest Research Institute, Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India  Fig. 33  D. indica (elephant apple, simpoh), habitat, Kahanu Gardens NTBG Kaeleku Hana, Maui, Hawai'i  Fig. 34   Fig. 35  Trunk and bark, Kahanu Gardens NTBG Kaeleku Hana, Maui, Hawai'i  Fig. 36  Ou khota or Ou khata is a cooked dish made from elephant apple. Elephant apple is cut into long pieces, marinated in turmeric powder and boiled in water, sautéed with poncho phutono/pancha phutana and cooked for some time with a little bit of salt and jaggery, garnished with grated coconut and cooked again for sometime.  Fig. 38  Matoli Bazar in the Rain, Panjim Promenade, India |
Scientific
name Dillena indica L. Common names English: dillenia, elephant-apple; India: chalta, karambel; Indonesia: simpur air (Sumatra, Java), sempur cai (Sundanese, Java), sempu (Javanese, Java); Malaysia: simpoh (Peninsular), simpoh kuning (Sarawak); Philippines: India katmon (general), handapara (Singhalese); Burma (Myanmar): thabyu, Cambodia: 'san; Portuguese: fruta-estrela; Portuguese (Brazil): árvore-da-pataca, árvore-do-dinheiro, dilênia, flor-de-abril; Thailand: matat (central), sompru (Surat Thani), san-pao (Chiang Mai).; Vietnam: s[oof] b[af] 3,5 Synonyms D. elongata Miq., D. indica f. elongata (Miq.) Miq., D. speciosa Thunb. 1 Family Dilleniaceae (dillenia family) Origin China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia 5 USDA hardiness zones 10-12 11 Uses Fruit; humid shade garden; ornamental; wood; medicinal properties Height Up to 56 ft (17 m) 11 Spread 75 ft (22.5 m) 11 Crown Rounded Plant habit Large; evergreen; flowering tree; often with steep buttresses (Fig. 35), sometimes buttresses absent 9 Growth rate Moderate 11 Longevity Referred to long-lived pioneer tree 9 Trunk/bark/branches Red, smooth, thick bark, exfoliating; tomentose spreading branches 1 Pruning requirement As needed for ease of harvest Leaves Deep green; 12 by 20 in. (30 by 50 cm); corrugated surface with impressed veins; toothed margins; held in giant whorls 7,11 Flowers Solitary; large; (15-20 cm) in diameter; five white petals; numerous yellow stamens; fragrant 7,11 Fruit Round; cabbage-like; greenish yellow; many seeds; 2.3-4.7 in. (5-12 cm) diameter aggregate of 15 carpels; each carpel containing five seeds embedded in a fibrous pulp 7,11 Season Dec. in Florida Light requirement Prefers sun but can stand shade very well; vigorous saplings have been found in dense shade 9 Soil tolerances 5.5 -7.0, tolerating 8.0 12 pH preference Grows best in a rich, slightly acid soil 11 Drought tolerance Low 11 Soil salt tolerance Low 11 Cold tolerance Can survive occasional, short-lived frosts down to about 28-32 °F (-2 °C) 12 Invasive potential * None reported Known hazard None reported Reading Material Dillenia indica, PROSEA Foundation Origin Dillenia consists of about 60 species and is distributed from Madagascar and the Seychelles, north to the Himalayas and southern China, throughout South-East Asia and east to the Fiji Islands and Australia. The Philippines is richest in species (12, 10 endemic), followed by Peninsular Malaysia and New Guinea (each 10, 6 endemic in New Guinea and 1 endemic in Peninsular Malaysia), Borneo, Sumatra and Thailand (each 9, 2 endemic in Borneo), Burma (Myanmar) and Indo-China (each 8, 2 endemic in Burma (Myanmar) and 1 endemic in Indo-China). Dillenia indica and Dillenia pentagyna have the largest areas of distribution (from India and southern China to Borneo for Dillenia indica, and from India and southern China to Thailand and in eastern Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands and southern Sulawesi for Dillenia pentagyna). 9 Description This distinguished Asian beauty thrives in humid forests of river valleys. Under ideal condition, Dillenia indica attains a stout, straight trunk with wide -spreading branches that grow to form a broad, rounded, shady crown. Every aspect of this SE Asian species has a special merit, including the bark, which is luminous, rusty red and flakes in small delicate scales. The lush canopy is composed of handsome, oblong leaves with a finely pointed apex, sharply toothed margins and strikingly prominent parallel veins, which them an elegant, deeply ribbed surface. The foliage is a perfect foil for the huge, nodding, milky white, waxy, Magnolia-like that cup a coronet of curling, golden stamens. To complete the superb design, the fruit develops within the fleshy, membranous sepals of the flowers, which enlarge to enclose the large, fleshy fruit, forming a green 'cabbage' head containing many kidney-shaped, light brown seeds embedded in gelatinous sap. 11 Leaves Leaves usually near the end of branches, fascicled; blade 6-12 in. (5-30 cm) long, 6-4 in. (5-l0 cm) broad, glabrous above, pubescent on the nerves below, broadly elliptic-oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, regularly serrate, secondary veins 30-40 paired ending in the serratures, not forking at the margins; petiole channelled, sheathing and densely tomentose at the base, 0.8- 1.6 in. (2-4 cm). 3 Dillenia indica is known to flush once a year; new leaves start to flush at about the same time that most old leaves abscise (a "leaf-exchanging"" species). 9
Fig. 8. Chalta D. indica leaves with buds in Kolkata, West Bengal, India Fig. 9. Chalta D. indica underside of the leaves with buds Flowers Flowers solitary, terminal, bisexual, drooping, 6-7.9 in. (l5-20 cm) across, appearing with leaves; pedicel 2.7-3.2 in. (7-8 cm), clavate, smooth. Sepals 1.6 in. (c. 4 cm) long, 0.8 in. (c. 2 cm) broad, orbicular, concave, accrescent, fleshy, thick but with membranous margins, yellowish green. Petals 3.2-4 in. (8-l0 cm) long, 2-3.2 in. (5-8 cm) broad, spreading, obovate or oblong, white. Stamens numerous, inner long, 7.9 in. (c. 20 cm) bending over the outer erect and short ones 6.7 in. (c. l5 cm) forming a large yellow globe in the centre crowned by the white spreading rays of stigma; anthers versatile, 0.2-0.4 in. (0.5-l cm) long. Carpels l6-20; ovary fleshy, pale green, sub-reniform; stigmas linear, lanceolate, recurved. 3 The petals of D. indica do not open completely and the flowers tend to hang downwards. 11
Fig. 12 Chalta D. indica flower bud in Kolkata, West Bengal, India Fig. 13. Elephant apple flower (D. indica), Sumatra, Indonesia Fig. 14. D. indica, elephant apple, Forest Research Institute, Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248006, India Pollination The flowers are highly fragrant and attract bees and other insects as pollinators. 11 Fruit Aggregate fruit globose, indehiscent, permanently covered by greenish, yellow or orange calyx, mucilaginous, 2.3-4.7 in. (5-l2 cm) across. Seeds numerous, small, thickened, hairy along the edges, reniform. 3,10 Fruit composed of persistent fleshy sepals, slightly swollen. 4,10 The heavy fruits hang down singly, only 1 at the end of a leafy twig. They are rounded but broader than long and slightly irregular, being shaped by the 5 rounded hard sepals which are more than 1 in. (2.5 cm) thick at base with whitish flesh, the outer 2 short and the inner 3 tightly overlapping. The sepals do not open but enclose tightly the aggregate fruit of crowded light brown ovaries about 3 in. (7.6 cm) across, each with thick soft sour walls and containing several light brown flattened seeds ¼ in. (0.6 cm) long in transparent gelatinous flesh (Fig. 4). The bulk consists of the very thick sepals, which have a very sour taste. The smaller juicy fruits inside are sour also. 13 Observed in flower (Puerto Rico) in July and August and with fruits nearly through the year. 13
Fig. 19,21,22. D. indica L., elephant apple, Forest Research Institute, Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Fig. 23. The core and the layers of skin on the elephant apple from a tree in Mounts Botanical Garden, West Palm Beach, Florida Fig. 24. Close-up of one half of a vertically cut elephant apple, West Palm Beach, Florida Fig. 25. The 2 halves of a vertically cut elephant apple, West Palm Beach, Florida Fig. 26. The half of the core of a barely ripe fruit, West Palm Beach, Florida Fig. 27. The core (upside down) and the layers of skin of the one half of an elephant apple, West Palm Beach, Florida Fig. 28. D. indica seed Harvesting The fruit in non-climacteric, hence should only be harvested when ripe. Propagation By seeds and semi-ripe cuttings. 11 The fruit is especially designed to float and be dispersed by river currents. 11 Food Uses While not overly delicious, this pleasantly acid fruit is considered to taste of unripe apple and in many parts of its region is used as a vegetable in curries or is made into drinks or jellies. 11 A syrup is made from the sepals of the flowers, the cooked fruits are eaten. 6
Fig. 37. Marmalade made of D. indica in oriya cuisine Medicinal Properties ** Leaves and bark are used medicinally because of their astringent effect. The bark has also been used medicinally against boils. 6,9 The fruit is said to possess tonic and laxative properties, and is used for abdominal pains. 8 Other Uses Planted for ornamental purpose and as a timber tree. The fruits are also used as a kind of soap. 6 Dried leaves are used as a substitute for sand paper in polishing ivory and horn. 8 The wood ash is added to clay bricks to increase their fire resistance. 11 The bark yields an extract which has astringent properties and a red dye. 9 Simpoh timber is suitable for general construction, posts, beams, joists, rafters, doors, window frames and sills, stairs, flooring, ceilings, decorative wall panelling, furniture, mouldings, frames and bottom boards of boats, vans, fancy boxes, package, pallets, structural grade plywood and sliced veneers. Quarter-sawn boards usually show a beautiful grain and may be used for decorative items. Although the wood is not durable under tropical conditions, it is easy to treat with preservatives and then suitable for all medium-heavy construction and also for sleepers and pilings. It used to be used for dunnage as a substitute for keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.). Several species yield a good quality charcoal. 9 General An interesting study in the Buxa Tiger Reserve by ecologists Sekar & Sukumar has shown that Asian elephants appear to have a particular fondness for the fruits of Dillenia indica, so they are an important seed dispenser for this tree. 15 Because Elephant Apple is a main source of food for elephants, monkeys and deer, it is prohibited to collect fruits from the core areas of the forest. Commercial sale of the fruit is also prohibited in order to help the food-chain system of the forest from dismantling totally. 15 List of Growers and Vendors |
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| Bibliography 1 "Dillenia indica L. synonyms." The World Flora Online, WFO (2022), Public Domain, worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000647564. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. 2 Rugayah, and Lemmens, R. H. M. J. "Dillenia indica L.." Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers, Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2), Edited by R. H. M. J. Lemmens, I. Soerianegara, and W.C. Wong, PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, record 4138, 1995, PROSEA, (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0), www.prota4u.org/prosea/view.aspx?id=4138. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. 3 "Dillenia indica L." Flora of Pakistan, The World Flora Online, WFO (2022), (CC BY 4.0), worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000647564. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. 4 "Dillenia indica L." Plants Of the World Online Portal - FWTA,The World Flora Online, WFO (2022), (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0), worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000647564. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. 5 "Dillenia indica L. common names." USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System, 2022, Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy), National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, GRIN-ARS, npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=14122. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. 6 Hamner, K. "Dillenia indica L." Mansfield's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops, Apr. 2001, mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/apex/f?p=185:145:::::P3_BOTNAME:dillenia%20indica. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. 7 Komor, P., and O. S. Devi. "Dillenia indica L." Edible bioresources and livelihoods, Assam State Biodiversity Board, Guwahati, 2016, (CC BY 4.0), Biodiversity India, indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/229573. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. 8 Palmer, Chiranjit. "Chalta, Dillenia indica." Fruitipedia, An Encyclopedia of edible fruits of the world, 12 Mar. 2018, www.fruitipedia.com/2018/12/chalta_dillenia-indica/. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. 9 Rugayah, et al. "Dillenia indica L." Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers, Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2), Edited by R. H. M. J . Lemmens, I. Soerianegara, and W. C. Wong, PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, record 4128, 1995, PROSEA, (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0), www.prota4u.org/prosea/view.aspx?id=4128. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. 10 "Dillenia indica Linnaeus." Flora of China, www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200013874. Accessed 5 Jan. 2022. 11 Barwick, Margaret. Tropical & Subtropical Trees. A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide. London, 2004. 12 Fern, Ken. "Dillenia indica." Tropical Plants Database, (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0), tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Dillenia+indica. Accessed 5 Jan. 2022. 13 Facciola. S. Cornucopia II A Source Book of Edible Plants. Vista, Kampong Publications, 1998. 14 Little, Elbert L., and Frank Wadsworth. "Trees of Puerto Rico and The Virgin Islands." Agriculture Handbook no. 229, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, July 1964. 15 "Elephant Apple – A Tree With Stunning Flowers." Snaplant.com, 1 Oct. 2015, snaplant.com/trees/elephant-apple-a-tree-with-stunning-flowers/. Accessed 8 Jan. 2022. Photographs Fig. 1 Vinayaraj. "Dillenia indica - Elephant Apple at Kakkayam dam." Wikimedia Commons, 18 Apr. 2014, (CC BY-SA 4.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dillenia_indica_-_Elephant_Apple_at_Kakkayam_dam_(6).jpg. Accessed 5 Jan. 2022. Fig. 2,3,4,24,30 "Dillenia indica, Dillenia speciosa." Top Tropicals, toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/dillenia_indica.htm. Accessed 8 Jan. 2022. Fig. 5,19,20,21,29,32,34 Chief RedEarth. “Dillenia indica L., Forest Research Institute, Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.” India Biodiversity Portal, 5 June 2018, Biodiversity India, (CC BY 4.0), indiabiodiversity.org/observation/show/1806275. Accessed 3 Jan. 2022. 6 Bhardwaj, Devendra. "Dillenia indica L. Chulta, Kulish Smriti Van, JLN Road, Bajaj Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004, India." India Biodiversity Portal, 30 Apr. 2015, India Biodiversity, (CC BY 4.0), indiabiodiversity.org/observation/show/376186?lang=en. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 7 Kojian, Raffi. "Huntington Gardens (Los Angeles, California) in August." Gardenology.org, 5 Aug. 2010, Wikimedia Commons, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gardenology-IMG_7965_hunt10aug.jpg. Accessed 5 Jan. 2022. Fig. 8 Garg, J. M. "Chalta Dillenia indica leaves with buds in Kolkata, West Bengal, India." Wikimedia Commons, 30 June 2007, (CC BY-SA 3.0), (GFDL), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leaves_%26_Buds_I_IMG_8416.jpg. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 9 Garg, J. M. "Chalta Dillenia indica underside of the leaves with buds in Kolkata, West Bengal, India." Wikimedia Commons, 30 June 2007, (CC BY-SA 3.0), (GFDL), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Underside_of_the_leaves_with_buds_I_IMG_8413.jpg. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 10 Garg, J. M. "Chalta Dillenia indica flower opening up with leaves in Kolkata, West Bengal, India." Wikimedia Commons, 30 June 2007, (CC BY-SA 3.0), (GFDL), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flower_opening_up_with_leaves_I_IMG_8410.jpg. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 11 Manjur545. "Dillenia indica, West Bangal, India." Wikimedia Commons, 29 July 2018, (CC BY-SA 3.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dillenia_indica,_West_Bangal,_India.jpg. Accessed 5 Jan. 2022. Fig. 12 Garg, J. M. "Chalta Dillenia indica flower bud in Kolkata, West Bengal, India." Wikimedia Commons, 30 June 2007, (CC BY-SA 3.0), (GFDL), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flower_bud_I_IMG_8409.jpg. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 13 Dupont, Bernard. "Elephant Apple Flower (Dillenia indica), Sumatra, Indonesia." Flickr, Apr. 2003, (CC BY 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/berniedup/7911843236/. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 14 PREM. "Dillenia indica L., Elephant Apple, Hari Singh Rd, Forest Research Institute, Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248006, India." India Biodiversity Portal, 26 Aug. 2016, India Biodiversity, (CC BY 4.0), Image cropped, indiabiodiversity.org/observation/show/1730795. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 15 Nelson, Cirilo. "Dillenia indica, Honduras." The World Flora Online, WFO (2022), (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0), worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000647564. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 16 Cerlin Ng. "Dillenia indica." Flickr, 13 July 2013, (CC BY 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/89906643@N06/9912313123. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 17 Manners, Malcolm. "Dillenia indica, Elephant apple, Chulta/Chalta or Ouu, São João da Boa Vista, São Paulo, Brasil." Flickr, 11 July 2003, (CC BY 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/mmmavocado/11488147035. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 18 Rameshng. "Dillenia indica from Lalbagh flower show, Karnataka, India." Wikimedia Commons, 8 Aug. 2013, (CC BY-SA 3.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dillenia_indica_from_Lalbagh_flower_show_Aug_2013_8138.JPG. Accessed 5 Jan. 2022. Fig. 23 Ghosh, Asit K., Thaumaturgist. "The core and the layers of skin on the Elephant Apple (Dillenia indica/Dilleniaceae) from a tree in Mounts Botanical Garden, West Palm Beach, Florida." Wikimedia Commons, 13 May 2010, (CC BY-SA 3.0), (GFDL), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElephantApple16_Mounts_Asit.jpg. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 24 Ghosh, Asit K., Thaumaturgist. "A collection of ripe, over-ripe and semi-rotten Elephant Apples (Dillenia indica/Dilleniaceae) from a tree in Mounts Botanical Garden, West Palm Beach, Florida." Wikimedia Commons, 3 May 2010, (CC BY-SA 3.0), (GFDL), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElephantApple15_Mounts_Asit.jpg. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 25 Ghosh, Asit K., Thaumaturgist. "The 2 halves of a vertically cut Elephant Apple (Dillenia indica/Dilleniaceae) from a tree in Mounts Botanical Garden, West Palm Beach, Florida." Wikimedia Commons, 3 May 2010, (CC BY-SA 3.0), (GFDL), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElephantApple12_Mounts_Asit.jpg. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 26 Ghosh, Asit K., Thaumaturgist. "The half of the core of a barely ripe Elephant Apple (Dillenia indica/Dilleniaceae) from a tree in Mounts Botanical Garden, West Palm Beach, Florida." Wikimedia Commons, 16 May 2010, (CC BY-SA 3.0), (GFDL), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElephantApple19_Mounts_Asit.jpg. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 27 Ghosh, Asit K., Thaumaturgist. "The core (upside down) and the layers of skin of the one half of an Elephant Apple (Dillenia indica/Dilleniaceae) from a tree in Mounts Botanical Garden, West Palm Beach, Florida." Wikimedia Commons, 16 May 2010, (CC BY-SA 3.0), (GFDL), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElephantApple17_Mounts_Asit.jpg. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 28 "Dillenia indica L." USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US National Plant Germplasm System, TARS 17989, GRIN-Global, npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=14122. Accessed 5 Jan. 2022. Fig. 31 Icleao. "Dillenia indica - Carmo's Park, Sao Paulo City." Wikimedia Commons, 3 April 2007, (CC0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dillenia_indica_-_Carmo's_Park_2.JPG. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 33 Starr, Forest, and Kim. "Dillenia indica (Elephant apple, simpoh), Habitat, Kahanu Gardens NTBG Kaeleku Hana, Maui, Hawai'i." Starr Environmental, no. 091104-0667, 4 Nov. 2009, (CC BY 4.0), www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24961120716. Accessed 5 Jan. 2022. Fig. 35 Starr, Forest, and Kim. "Dillenia indica (Elephant apple, simpoh), Trunk and bark, Kahanu Gardens NTBG Kaeleku Hana, Maui, Hawai'i." Starr Environmental, no. 091104-0982, 4 Nov. 2009, (CC BY 4.0), www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24894652411. Accessed 5 Jan. 2022. Fig. 36 Panigrahi, Subhashish. "Ou khota or Ou khata is a cooked dish made from elephant apple. Elephant apple is cut into long pieces, marinated in turmeric powder and boiled in water, sautéed with poncho phutono/pancha phutana and cooked for some time with a little bit of salt and jaggery, garnished with grated coconut and cooked again for sometime." Wikimedia Commons, 21 Feb. 2017, (CC BY-SA 4.0), Image cropped, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ou_Khota_or_Ou_Khata.jpg. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 37 Nayansatya. "Marmalede made of Dillenia indica in oriya cuisine." Wikipedia, 16 Oct. 2010, (CC BY 3.0), (GFDL), en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ouu_khatta.jpg. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. Fig. 38 Goa, Joegoauk. "Matoli Bazar in the Rain, Panjim Promenade." Flickr, 28 Aug. 2014, (CC BY-SA 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/joegoauk70/14876043657/in/photostream/. Accessed 4 Jan. 2022. * UF/IFAS Assessment of Non-native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas ** Information provided is not intended to be used as a guide for treatment of medical conditions. Published 10 Apr. 2021 LR |
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