Strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa

Strawberry - Fragaria x ananassa

Fig. 1
Fragaria x ananassa

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Guttation on a strawberry leaf

Fragaria × ananassa 'Chandler' at the San Diego County Fair, California, USA.

Fig. 4

F. × ananassa 'Chandler' at the San Diego County Fair, California, USA.

Strawberry flower

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

F. x ananassa flowers

Fragaria x ananassa (Cultivated strawberry). Fruit Makawao, Maui, Hawaii

Fig. 7
F. x ananassa (Cultivated strawberry), unripe fruit Makawao, Maui, Hawai'i

Fragaria x ananassa habit

Fig. 8

F. x ananassa habit

Fig. 9

Season's best!

Fragaria x ananassa (Cultivated strawberry). Fruit Makawao, Maui, Hawaii

Fig. 10
F. x ananassa (Cultivated strawberry), Makawao, Maui, Hawai'i

Florida Pearl®

Fig. 11

'Florida Pearl^™'
U.S. Plant Patent 33,477
Released 2020 by UF/IFAS GCREC

Fragaria x ananassa (Cultivated strawberry). Crop and worker in field. Omaopio, Maui, Hawaii

Fragaria x ananassa (Cultivated strawberry). Crop and worker in field. Omaopio, Maui, Hawaii

Fig. 14

F. x ananassa (Cultivated strawberry). Crop and worker in field. Omaopio, Maui, Hawai'i

Durant la fête de la fraise de Carpentras

Fig. 15

Durant la fête de la fraise de Carpentras, France

Banner of the Brotherhood of the Strawberry of Carpentras (Vaucluse, France).

Fig. 28

Banner of the Brotherhood of the Strawberry of Carpentras (Vaucluse, France)

Strawberries on display at Chelsea Flower Show, 2009

Fig. 29

Strawberries on display at Chelsea Flower Show, London, England 2009

Fig. 30
Bottles recycling bin in Ramat Hasharon, Israel

Strawberry pie, 8 m in diameter, Beaulieu sur Dordogne, France, during the annual strawberry festival

Strawberry pie, 8 m in diameter, Beaulieu sur Dordogne, France, during the annual strawberry festival

Fig. 31

Strawberry pie, 26 ft (8 m) in diameter, Beaulieu sur Dordogne, France, during the annual strawberry festival

Strawberry Field in the hamlet Dernekamp, Kirchspiel, Dülmen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Fig. 32

Strawberry field in the hamlet Dernekamp, Kirchspiel, Dülmen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

A diorama created from beeswax by Dr. Henry Brainerd Wright at the Louisiana State Exhibit Museum in Shreveport, Louisiana, depicts strawberry harvesting

A diorama created from beeswax by Dr. Henry Brainerd Wright at the Louisiana State Exhibit Museum in Shreveport, Louisiana, depicts strawberry harvesting

Fig. 33

A diorama created from beeswax by Dr. Henry Brainerd Wright at the Louisiana State Exhibit Museum in Shreveport, Louisiana, depicts strawberry harvesting

Scientific name
Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier
Common names
English: garden strawberry, strawberry; French: fraisier, fraisier ananas; German: Ananaserdbeere, Erdbeere, Gartenerdbeere, Kulturerdbeere; Portuguese: morangueiro; Spanish: fresa, fresa ananás; Japanese Rōmaji: oranda-ichigo; transcribed Korean: ttalgi ⁴
Synonyms
Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne; F. × ananassa subsp. cuneifolia (Nutt. ex Howell) Staudt; F. bathonica Poit. & Turpin; F. bonariensis Juss. ex Pers.,p.p.38630; F. calyculata (Duchesne) Duchesne ex Steud.; F. caroliniana Poit. & Turpin; F. chiloensis auct.; F. chiloensis var. ananassa Duchesne ex Weston; F. chiloensis var. ananassa (Duchesne ex Rozier) Ser.; F. chiloensis var. calyculata (Duchesne) Ser.; F. chiloensis var. carolinensis Duchesne ex Weston; F. chiloensis var. tincta Duchesne ex Sm.; F. × cultorum Thorsrud & Reisaeter; F. cuneifolia Nutt. ex Howell; F. × grandiflora Ehrh.; F. hybrida Duchesne; F. latiuscula Greene; F. × magna auct.; F. suchiana Poit. & Turpin; F. tincta Duchesne; F. vesca var. ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Aiton; Potentilla × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Mabb. ³
Relatives
Apple, Malus domestica; blackberry, Rubus spp.; capulin, Prunus salicifolia; chikasaw plum, P. angustifolia; loquat, Eriobotrya japonica; mayhaw, Crataegus spp.' peach, P. persica and pear, Pyrus spp. ²
Family
Rosaceae
Origin
France (accidental cross between North American and South American large strawberries)
USDA hardiness zones
2-11
Uses
Planted as a fruitful border; grown under fruit trees for a lush fruiting bed; grown in containers ¹²
Height
Rarely higher than 18 in. (45 cm) ²
Plant habit
Herbacious; creeping; stolons that form new plantlets at the tip ⁵
Longevity
Perennial (usually grown as an annual in Florida)
Trunk/bark/branches
Short woody stems
Leaves
Trifoliate; dark green; paler and haired on the undersides; on long petioles emerging from the crowns ⁷
Flowers
Yellow centers; 5 petals white or occasionally pink, borne underneath the foliage canopy ⁷
Fruit
Bright red at maturity; cone-shaped or flattened cone-shaped; numerous small, hard, brown seeds scattered on the outside surface; fleshy; prominent, green calyx at the stem end
USDA Nutrient Content ^pdf
Season
Feb. and Mar. are peak season in Florida ¹⁰
Light requirement
Direct sunlight for at least 8 hours a day ¹
Soil tolerances
Soil should be well drained and slightly acidic ¹
pH preference
5.5–6.5
Drought tolerance
Need weekly watering for fruit production
Flood tolerance
Strawberries do not tolerate flooding ¹²
Cold tolerance
Flowers/fruit can be damaged by air temperatures below 32 °F (0 °C) ¹
Plant spacing (2-row beds) ¹
12-16 in. (30.5-40.6 cm) between plants
12-14 in. (30.5-35.6 cm) between rows
48-60 in. (121.5-152.4 cm) between beds
Roots
Shallow root system
Invasive potential *
None reported
Pest resistance
Thrips and mites are often present but ignored until they become troublesome ²
Known hazard
Some are severely allergic to the fruit ²

Reading Material
Growing Strawberries in the Florida Home Garden, University of Florida ^pdf
Florida Strawberry Production Costs and Trends, University of Florida^pdf
Strawberry, Fragaria spp., Fruitipedia
Strawberry, Just Fruits and Exotics nursery

Origin
The cultivated strawberry, which originated in France, is the result of an accidental cross between Fragaria virginiana, from eastern North America, and F. chiloensis, from the Pacific coast of South America. The United States is the world's largest producer. In Florida, production is concentrated in Hillsborough and Manatee counties. Plant city in Hillsborough county host the Winter Strawberry Festival each year in March.
For 160 years European strawberry breeding followed a different course from that in the United States. In both North America and Europe, the large-fruited strawberry was based on the same two American species combined by Europeans beginning about 1750. But from then on, the Americans have put in larger doses of the wild North American strawberry, whereas the Europeans held to a higher percentage of Chilean. ¹⁴

Description
The strawberry is a popular spring crop and represents a valuable addition to any Florida garden. The plant requires little maintenance apart from periodic irrigation. It consumes little space within the garden. It also has the advantage of bearing fruit within a few months after planting. The strawberry will grow in all regions of the state. However, it is regarded as an annual crop and is replanted at the start of each growing season. ²

Biological Life Cycle of the Strawberry

Flowers
Temperatures between 50 and 80°F (10 and 27°C) and day lengths 14 hours or less are required for the development of flowers and fruit on most strawberry varieties. ¹
Flowers are white, about 1″ across, with 25-30 yellow stamens and 50-500 pistils on a raised, yellow, conical receptacle. Borne on a dichasial cyme, the center-most terminal flower opens first and is largest, producing the largest fruit. ⁸

Fruit
The strawberry is an accessory fruit, since the edible portion is non-ovarian in origin (it is largely swollen receptacle tissue). The true fruits which contain the seed of the strawberry are achenes, which are similar to tiny sunflower seeds. The achenes are the numerous, tiny, ellipsoid specks that cover the fruit surface. Fruit mature rapidly; ripening occurs in 20 to 50 days after pollination. ⁸
First berries should be ready to pick 90-110 days after planting ¹⁰

Varieties
Currently, three varieties are suggested for the Florida home garden: 'Camarosa', 'Sweet Charlie', and 'Festival'. All three varieties produce attractive, flavorful berries suitable for eating fresh or for freezing. 'Camarosa' has been the most productive variety in North Florida, while 'Festival' and 'Sweet Charlie' produce more fruit during the early part of the season and have been the most productive varieties in Central Florida. 'Radiance' is a newer variety that produces more fruits earlier and throughout the season in Central Florida. ¹


Fig. 12 'Sweet Charlie'	Fig. 13 'Camarosa'

Winterstar^TM ('FL 05-107') Strawberry, University of Florida ^pdf
Florida 'Radiance' Strawberry, University of Florida ^pdf
Sensation^TM Brand ‘Florida127’ Strawberry, University of Florida ^pdf
'Sweet Charlie' Strawberry, University of Florida ^{pdf
(archived)}
'Florida Beauty' Strawberry, University of Florida ^pdf
'Florida Brilliance' Strawberry, University of Florida ^pdf
Florida Brilliance Shines on State’s Strawberry Industry, Vegetable and Specialty Crop News
Strawberry Spotlight: Update on Florida Pearl™ Pineberry, Specialty Crop Grower

Video:^4:12
Florida Pearl^™ ^v1

Alpine Strawberry as a Potential Niche Crop for Florida Growers and Homeowners, University of Florida ^pdf
Aromatic Strawberry Variety Grows in South Florida, Vegetable and Specialty Crop News
UF/IFAS Strawberry Varieties, UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center ^ext.
link
CRISPR Gene Editing in Strawberry, University of Florida ^pdf

Harvesting
A strawberry fruit is ready to harvest when three quarters of its entire surface area is red. The fruit starts to deteriorate soon after it has become totally red, so it is best to harvest fruit regularly, generally, every two to four days. ¹

Pollination
Most cultivars are self-fruitful and therefore do not need cross pollination for fruit set. However, bee activity is beneficial in transferring pollen to stigmas in an individual flower. ⁸
A fully developed strawberry needs about 21 visits from bees. A single strawberry, can have 400-500 seeds (or small nuts) sitting on the surface of one berry. The higher the number of fully developed seeds, the bigger, tastier and even shaped a strawberry gets. ¹⁵

Organic Farming Improves Pollination Success in Strawberries, Public Library of
Science ^pdf

Propagation
Interestingly, strawberries do not normally reproduce by seeds. Strawberry plants send out what are called runners, which grows on the ground and sends roots into the soil. The roots then produce new plants that are often used to start new strawberry plots. ⁹
Strawberry is commercially propagated by runners. Generally one plant produces 7-10 runners but under proper management, it can go up to 15 runners/plant. It can also be propagated through crowns (3-5 plants/crown), but division of crowns of older plants is too tedious and expensive for cultivars producing runner plants readily. ¹¹

Planting
Single-crown (stem) strawberry plants are planted in Florida during the fall, from late September to early December. Flowering and fruit production generally begins in November and continues into April or May. Fruit production over this period is not constant, but occurs in two or three cycles, and can be interrupted by freezing weather. Because the highest quality fruit are produced on relatively young plants with not more than four or five branch crowns, plants are usually removed at the end of the fruiting season, and new plants are planted the following fall. ¹
Most strawberry plants grown commercially in Florida are planted in double rows on soil that has been mounded into raised beds. This method also is recommended for home gardens. Raised beds (as compared to flat beds) create a well-drained soil environment in which roots have sufficient oxygen for survival during periods of heavy rain. ¹

Methods for Strawberry Transplant Establishment in Florida, University of Florida^pdf

Planting dates
North Florida Sept. 15 - Oct. 15
Central Florida Sept. 25 - Oct. 25
South Florida Oct. 1 - Dec. 1 ⁶

Optimum Planting Dates for Intercropped Cucumber, Squash, and Muskmelon with Strawberry, University of Florida ^pdf
Fruit and Soil Quality of Organic and Conventional Strawberry, Public Library of Science ^pdf

Cold protection
The most practical method for the Florida gardener to protect flowers from freeze damage may be to cover plants with sheets, blankets or frost cloth. Cover during the afternoon preceding an expected freeze. The covering should be anchored down on all sides to prevent wind from blowing it off the plants. A small “tunnel” can also be constructed using PVC hoops covered with clear plastic sheeting to create a greenhouse effect. The sides can be raised or lowered depending on air temperatures. ¹

Fertilizing
Two pounds (~ 900 g) of 10-5-10 (or equivalent) garden fertilizer with micronutrients (including boron) per 10 feet of row should be incorporated into the bed before planting. About one-half of the nitrogen in the fertilizer should be in a slow release form, such as a sulfur- or resin-coated material. Incorporate one-fourth of the fertilizer evenly across the top of the bed with a steel rake. Apply the remainder of the fertilizer in a narrow band approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) deep along the middle of the bed (above the drip line or soaker hose, if they have been placed in the bed). ¹

Fertilization of Strawberries in Florida, University of Florida ^pdf
Nitrogen Fertilization of Strawberry Cultivars: Is Preplant Starter Fertilizer Needed? University of Florida ^{pdf (Archived)}
A Summary of N and K Research with Strawberry in Florida, University of Florida ^pdf

Irrigation
After the plants are established on the bed (i.e., when leafy bareroot transplants no longer have a tendency to wilt during the hottest part of the day), drip tape or soaker hoses can be used to keep the beds moist. Watering at a low pressure (e.g., 10 psi) for 1/2 to 1 hour should thoroughly moisten the bed. Beds can also be watered with overhead sprinklers. Early in the season when the plants are small, one watering per week may be sufficient. Later in the season, when the plants are larger and weather is warmer, two or three waterings per week will be needed. ¹

Water Movement in Strawberry Beds, University of Florida ^pdf

Diseases page
Common Strawberry Diseases in Florida, University of Florida ^pdf

Pests page

Beneficial Insects of Strawberry, University of California IPM ^pdf

Food Uses
The fruit is widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. It is consumed in large quantities, either fresh or in such prepared foods as preserves, juice, pies, ice creams, milkshakes, and chocolates. ¹³


Fig. 16	Fig. 17	Fig. 18	Fig. 19


Fig. 20	Fig. 21	Fig. 22

Fig. 16. Soupe de fraises Gariguettes au vinaigre balsamique blanc et ses tuiles aux amandes de Provence
Fig. 17. Chopped strawberry macaron parisien with lemon curd filing
Fig. 18. Strawberry fortune cookies
Fig. 19. Strawberry-ginger beer
Fig. 20. Christmas market 2015 Erzsébet Square, Strawberry wines, Budapest District V., Hungary
Fig. 21. Cool, fresh-squeezed strawberry juice, Damascus, Syria
Fig. 22. Strawberry pizza

Medicinal Properties
Alpine strawberries are believed to have medicinal uses. While the leaves, roots, and fruits were used as a skin tonic, the berries were eaten to relieve diarrhea and an upset stomach. Leaves and roots were also eaten for gout. In addition, a paste made from the strawberries was used to treat sunburn and skin blemishes, and the fruit's juices would be used to whiten teeth. ⁹

Other Uses
Artificial strawberry flavorings and aromas are also widely used in many products like lip gloss, candy, hand sanitizers, perfume, and many others ¹³

Methods of agriculture


Fig. 23	Fig. 24	Fig. 25	Fig. 26

Strawberry hydroponic farm, Bradenton, Fl.

Fig. 27

Fig. 23. Strawberry agriculture of Shizuoka prefecture, Japan
Fig. 24. F. x ananassa (Cultivated strawberry), cultivated farm at Pulehu, Maui, Hawai'i
Fig. 25. Выращивание клубники ТОО "Тепличные Технологии Казахстана", Greenhouse technology of Kazakhstan
Fig. 26. A field using the plasticulture method
Fig. 27. Strawberry hydroponic farm, Bradenton, Fl.

Strawberry folklore ⁹
In provincial France, strawberries were regarded as the highest-quality aphrodisiac. Traditionally, newlyweds were served a soup of thinned sour cream, strawberries, borage (a European herb whose flavor is reminiscent of cucumber), and powdered sugar.
The second wife of Henry the VIII, Queen Anne Boelyn (1507-36), had a strawberry-shaped birthmark on her neck. Unfortunately, some claimed this fact proved she was a witch.
The strawberry is recognized as representing absolute perfection in the Victorian language of flowers.
Medieval stonemasons carved strawberry designs on altars and around the tops of pillars in churches and cathedrals, symbolizing perfection and righteousness. During the same time period, strawberries were served at important state occasions and festivals to ensure peace and prosperity.
Sacred to the both Goddess of Love and the Virgin Mary, strawberries boast a long, dramatic history.
Have you ever eaten a double strawberry? Legend holds that if you break it in half and share it with a member of the opposite sex, then you will soon fall in love with each other.

General
Strawberry Shortcake originated with the American Colonists. It’s still a favorite today. Florida Strawberry Shortcake is also the official state dessert! This tasty treat was officially declared the state dessert on July 1, 2022, in celebration of the delicious berry and the Florida growers who work hard to get it from the farm to the table — or to the delicious shortcake dessert. ¹⁶
The first known American species of strawberries was cultivated about 1835. The berries seem to be strewn among the leaves of the plant, and they were first called strewberries in the late 18th century. ⁹
Later, the name was changed to strawberry—possibly from the practice of English children threading the berries on pieces of straw for sale or from the 19th century practice of laying straw around the strawberry plants to protect them from bad weather. Other stories noted that farmers would bring the strawberries to market on beds of straw to protect them during traveling. ⁹
Some growers paint stones red and scatter these throught the patch early in the season, theorizing that birds will soon come to regard all red objects as stones. ²

Further Reading
Crop Profile for Strawberries in Florida, USDA Department of Agriculture^pdf
Fragaria X ananassa, Garden Strawberry, Enclyclopedia of Life
Advanced Technologies Speed Up Strawberry Breeding, Vegetable and Specialty Crop News
DNA, Technology, and Florida Strawberries, University of Florida ^pdf
Home Garden Strawberries, University of Georgia Extension ^pdf
Florida Strawberry Growers Association ^{ext. link}

Strawberry Botanical Art

List of Growers and Vendors

Bibliography

¹ Whitaker, Vance M., et al. "Growing Strawberries in the Florida Home Garden." Horticultural Sciences Dept., UF/IFAS Extension, HS1154, Original pub., Dec. 2008, Revised Dec. 2014 and Sept, 2021, AskIFAS, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs403. Accessed 30 Oct. 2017, 6 Jan. 2024.
² Boning, Charles R. Florida's Best Fruiting Plants- Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Pineapple Press, Inc. Sarasota, Florida, 2006.
³ "Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier synonyms." The Plant List (2013), Version 1.1., Published on the Internet; www.theplantlist.org/. Accessed 1 Jan. 2017.
⁴ "Taxon: Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier, Common names." USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Plant Germplasm System, GRIN-Global, npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=244. Accessed 30 Oct. 2017.
⁵ Courteau, Jacqueline. "Fragaria X ananassa, Garden Strawberry." Encyclopedia of Life, 2012-07-09 18:21:09 UTC, (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0), eol.org/pages/245515/details. Accessed 30 Oct. 2017.
⁶ Whitaker, Vance M., et al. "Chapter 16. Strawberry Production." 2023-2024 Vegetable Production Handbook of Florida, UF/IFAS, AskIFAS, doi.org/10.32473/edis, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cv292. Accessed 2 Nov. 2017, 6 Feb. 2024.
⁷ "Fragaria x ananassa." Wikibooks, en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Horticulture/Fragaria_x_ananassa. Accessed 6 Nov. 2017.
⁸ Rieger, Mark. "Strawberry, Fragaria X ananassa." Mark's Fruit Crops, www.fruit-crops.com/strawberry-fragaria-x-ananassa/. Accessed 6 Nov. 2017.
⁹ "Strawberry Facts and Production Costs." Gulf Coast Research Center, UF/IFAS, 3 Dec. 2014, GCREC, gcrec.ifas.ufl.edu/strawberry-facts-and-production-costs/. Accessed 9 Nov. 2017, 18 Sept. 2019.
¹⁰ "Strawberries." UF/IFAS Gardening Solutions, gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/edibles/fruits/strawberries.html. Accessed 9 Nov. 2017.
¹¹ Parmar, Chiranjit. "Strawberry Fragaria spp." Encyclopedia of the Edible Fruits of the World, fruitipedia.com/strawberry%20Fragraia%20spp.htm. Accessed 11 Nov. 2017.
¹² Cowley Gilbert, Brandy. "Strawberry." Just Fruit and Exotics, justfruitsandexotics.com/JFE/product-category/berry-plants/strawberries/. Accessed 11 Nov. 2017.
¹³ "Strawberry." Wikipedia, the free Enclyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry. Accessed 11 Nov. 2017.
¹⁴ Darrow, George M. "The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology." Lee in Darrow, George McMillan Darrow Papers, 1915-1960s, USDA Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Digitized Selection (PDF/12.19MB), specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/guide-collections/george-mcmillan-darrow-papers. Accessed 12 Nov. 2017.
¹⁵ "Spotlight: Seven bee-friendly fruits and veggies." Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO, www.fao.org/zhc/detail-events/en/c/329095/. Accessed 13 Nov. 2017.
¹⁶ "Strawberries." Florida Strawberry Growers Association, floridastrawberry.org. Accessed 6 Feb.2024.

Videos

^v1 "Florida Pearl^™" Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyKCoUq7UnQ. Accessed 8 Feb. 2024.

Photographs

Fig. ¹ Alpsdake. "Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier." Wikimedia Commons, 19 May 2013, (CC BY-SA 3.0). commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fragaria_×_ananassa.JPG. Accessed 31 Oct. 2017.
Fig. ²Kubina, Jeff. "Strawberry." Flickr, 2 June 2007, (CC BY-SA 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/95118988@N00/528670134. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ³Schnobby. "Guttation on a strawberry leaf." Wikimedia Commons, 1 Oct. 2011, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guttation_on_a_strawberry_leaf.jpg. Accessed 31 Oct. 2017.
Fig. ⁴Stickpen. "Fragaria × ananassa 'Chandler' at the San Diego County Fair, California, USA." Wikimedia Commons, Identified by exhibitor's sign, 16 June 2010, Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fragariaxananassa-chandler.jpg. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ⁵User Rasbak. "Strawberry flower." Wikimedia Commons, 9 Oct. 2005, Transferred from nl.wikipedia to Commons by Maksim, GFDL, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aardbei_bloembodem_vlezig.jpg. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ⁶Osterloh, Alfred. "Fragaria x ananassa." Hortipedia, 31 May 2012, (CC BY-NC-SA-3.0), en.hortipedia.com/wiki/File:Fragaria_plantation_detail_photo_file_708KB.jpg. Accessed 9 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ⁷Starr, Forest, and Kim. "Fragaria x ananassa (Cultivated strawberry). Fruit, Makawao, Maui, Hawai'i." Starr Environmental, July 04, 2008, (CC BY 4.0), starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24897242916. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ⁸Osterloh, Alfred. "Fragaria x ananassa." Hortipedia, 6 June 2010, (CC BY-NC-SA-3.0), en.hortipedia.com/wiki/File:Fragaria_x_ananassa_flowers_photo_file_578KB.jpg. Accessed 9 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ⁹Reinhart, Kimberly. "Season's Best." Flickr, 31 May 2010, (CC BY-ND 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/kimberlyreinhart/4655257364. Accessed 6 Feb. 2024.
Fig. ¹⁰Starr, Forest and Kim. "Fragaria x ananassa (Cultivated strawberry). Fruit, Makawao, Maui, Hawai'i." Starr Environmental, July 04, 2008, (CC BY 4.0), starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24830195771. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ¹¹"Florida Pearl^™" Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, GCREC, gcrec.ifas.ufl.edu/fruit-crops/strawberries/ufifas-strawberry-varieties/. Accessed 6 Feb. 2024.
Fig. ¹² Cowley Gilbert, Brandy. "'Sweet Charlie' strawberry." Just Fruit and Exotics, www.justfruitsandexotics.com/JFE/product/sweet-charlie-strawberry/. Accessed 11 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ¹³ Cowley Gilbert, Brandy. "'Camarosa' strawberry." Just Fruit and Exotics, www.justfruitsandexotics.com/JFE/product/camarosa-strawberry-plant/. Accessed 11 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ¹⁴Starr, Forest, and Kim. "Fragaria x ananassa (Cultivated strawberry). Crop and worker in field. Omaopio, Maui, Hawai'i." Starr Environmental, May 18, 2009, (CC BY 4.0), starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24328636823. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ¹⁵Casamance, Marianne. "Durant la fête de la fraise de Carpentras." Wikimedia Commons, 9 Apr. 2016, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carpentras_-_Fête_de_la_fraise_2016_10.JPG. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ¹⁶ADT 04. "Soupe de Gariguettes au vinaigre balsamique blanc et ses tuiles aux amandes de Provence." Wikimedia Commons, 22 Aug. 2015, (CC BY 2.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soupe_de_fraises_gariguettes_de_Nîmes.jpg. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ¹⁷zaimoku_woodpile. "Chopped strawberry macaron parisien with lemon curd filing." Wikimedia Commons, 14 May 2011, (CC BY 2.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stacked_strawberry_macaron_parisien_with_lemon_curd_filing.jpg. Accessed 9 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ¹⁸Fancy Fortune Cookies. "Strawberry fortune cookies." Wikimedia Commons, 22 Nov. 2005, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StrawberryFortuneCookies.jpg/. Accessed 2 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ¹⁹Anagoria. "Strawberry-Ginger beer." Wikimedia Commons, May 2015, GFDL, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2015-05-07_Erdbeer-_Ingwerbier_anagoria.JPG. Accessed 2 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ²⁰Globetrotter19. "Christmas market 2015 Erzsébet Square. Mid. Strawberry wines. Budapest District V., Hungary." Wikimedia Commons, 29 Nov. 2015, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christmas_market_2015_Erzsébet_Square._Epermester_strawberry_wines._-_Budapest.JPG. Accessed 2 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ²¹Gordon, James. "Cool, fresh-squeezed strawberry juice, Damascus, Syria." Wikimedia Commons, 26 Apr. 2008, (CC BY 2.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cool,_fresh-squeezed_strawberry_juice,_Damascus,_Syria.jpg. Accessed 2 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ²²Trice, Keith. "Strawberry pizza." Wikimedia Commons, 3 June 2012, (CC BY 2.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strawberry_pizza_(5800558970).jpg. Accessed 2 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ²³Photolog. 日本語: 石垣いちご. "Strawberry agriculture of Shizuoka prefecture, Japan." Wikimedia Commons, 15 Apr. 2012, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ishigaki_ichigo.jpg. Accessed 2 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ²⁴Starr, Forest, and Kim. "Fragaria x ananassa (Cultivated strawberry). Cultivated farm at Pulehu, Maui, Hawai'i." Starr Environmental, Mar. 13, 2007, (CC BY 4.0), starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24766985082. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ²⁵Alex.urg. Выращивание клубники ТОО "Тепличные Технологии Казахстана." Greenhouse Technologies of Kazakhstan, 10 May 2015, Wikimedia Commons, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Выращивание_клубники_ТОО_"Тепличные_Технологии_
Казахстана"_2.jpg. Accessed 2 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ²⁶Bn100. "A field using the plasticulture method." Wikimedia Commons, 1 Mar. 2009, Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plasticulture.jpg. Accessed 11 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ²⁷Robitaille, Liette. "Local strawberry hydroponic farm." 2008, www.growables.org.
Fig. ²⁸Pagnier, Véronique. "Banner of the Brotherhood of the Strawberry of Carpentras (Vaucluse, France)." Wikimedia Commons, 4 Sept. 2010. Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bannière_Confrérie_de_la_Fraise_-_Carpentras.JPG. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ²⁹Darorcilmir. "Strawberries on display at Chelsea Flower Show, 2009." Wikimedia Commons, 19 June 2008, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strawberries_chelsea.JPG. Accessed 11 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ³⁰דוד שי. "Bottles recycling bin in Ramat Hasharon." Wikimedia Commons, 17 Nov. 2012, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bottles_recycling_bin.JPG. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ³¹Le grand Cricri. "Strawberry pie, 8 m in diameter, Beaulieu sur Dordogne, France, during the annual strawberry festival." Wikimedia Commons, May 13, 2012, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tarte_aux_fraises_de_8_m_de_diamètre_de_Beaulieu_sur_Dordogne,_France_3.JPG. Accessed 2 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ³²Rabich, Dietmar. "Strawberry Field in the hamlet Dernekamp, Kirchspiel, Dülmen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany." Wikimedia Commons, 4 June 2015, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dülmen,_Kirchspiel,_Erdbeerfeld_--_2015_--_6492-6.jpg. Accessed 2 Nov. 2017.
Fig. ³³Hathorn, Billy. "A diorama created from beeswax by Dr. Henry Brainerd Wright at the Louisiana State Exhibit Museum in Shreveport, Louisiana, depicts strawberry harvesting." Wikimedia Commons, 15 May 2010, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Strawberry_harvest_at_Louisiana_State_Exhibit_Museum_in_Shreveport_IMG_3360.JPG. Accessed 11 Nov. 2017.

* UF/IFAS Assessment of Non-native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas

Published 13 Nov. 2017 LR. Last update 6 Feb. 2024 LR